Asociación entre condición física y fase angular en el adulto mayor: Un estudio piloto

El diagnóstico por bioimpedancia (BIA) y el ángulo de fase (AnF), como indicador, permiten monitorear el estado físico, de salud y nutricional en adultos mayores. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la relación entre la condición física y valores de fase angular por bioimpedancia en un grupo de adultos mayores sedentarios. Participaron voluntariamente 24 adultos mayores sedentarios (21 mujeres y 3 hombres). A cada participante se les midió bioimpedancia, fuerza de presión manual y test de 6 minutos del Senior Fitness Test (SFT). Posteriormente se analizaron los resultados, correlacionando el ángulo de fase (AnF) y condición física cardiorrespiratoria según sexo y el AnF con la fuerza de presión manual. El 71% presentó una media de AnF por debajo de la referencia (4,5º ± 0,4), específicamente, el 67% de los hombres y el 62% de las mujeres. La correlación entre AnF y capacidad física cardiorrespiratoria arrojó un valor de R2= 0,50; p<0,0001. La asociación entre AnF y fuerza de presión manual fue de R2=0,35; p=0,0023. Se encontró una relación significativa entre una prueba de condición física cardiorrespiratoria y AnF y entre la fuerza de presión manual y AnF. Es de importancia clínica incluir parámetros objetivos de valoración celular en adultos mayores como el AnF.

The diagnosis by bioimpedance (BIA) and the phase angle (PhA) are indicators, that allow monitoring of the physical health and nutritional status of older adults. The objective of this study was to establish the relationship between physical fitness and phase angle values by bioimpedance in a group of sedentary older adults. 24 elderly sedentary volunteers participated (21 women and 3 men). Each participant underwent bioimpedance, manual dynamometry, and the 6-minute Senior Fitness Test (SFT). Subsequently, the results were analyzed, making a correlation between PhA and cardiorespiratory physical condition, another between PhA and cardiorespiratory physical condition according to sex and finally an association between PhA and handgrip strength. R71% presented a PhA mean below the reference (4.5º ± 0.4), specifically 67% of men and 62% of women. The correlation between PhA and cardiorespiratory fitness showed a value of R2= 0.50; p<0.0001. The association between PhA and handgrip strength was R2=0.35; p=0.0023. A significant relationship was found between a cardiorespiratory fitness test and PhA and between handgrip strength and PhA. It is of clinical importance to include objective cellular assessment parameters in older adults such as PhA.

O diagnóstico por bioimpedância (BIA) e ângulo de fase (AnF), como indicador, permitem monitorar o estado físico, de saúde e nutricional de idosos. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer a relação entre a condição física e os valores da fase angular por bioimpedância em um grupo de idosos sedentários. Participaram voluntariamente 24 idosos sedentários (21 mulheres e 3 homens). Cada participante foi medido bioimpedância, força de pressão manual e teste de 6 minutos do Senior Fitness Test (SFT). Posteriormente, os resultados foram analisados, correlacionando o ângulo de fase (AnF) e a condição física cardiorrespiratória de acordo com o sexo e o AnF com a força de pressão manual. 71% apresentaram média do LAn abaixo da referência (4,5º ± 0,4), sendo 67% dos homens e 62% das mulheres. A correlação entre o LAn e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória deu um valor de R2= 0,50; p<0,0001. A associação entre LAn e força de pressão manual foi R2=0,35; p=0,0023. Encontrou-se relação significativa entre teste de aptidão cardiorrespiratória e NF e entre força de pressão manual e NF. É de importância clínica incluir parâmetros objetivos de avaliação celular em adultos mais velhos, como AnF.

Relación entre la Composición Corporal, Condición Física y Capacidad Operativa en Militares Chilenos / Relationship Between Body Composition, Physical Condition and Operational Capacity in Chilean Military

La composición corporal engloba una serie de variables relacionadas con la salud e influye en la condición física. A pesar de ello, existe poca evidencia sobre sus efectos en la capacidad operativa en militares. El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar la composición corporal, la condición física y la capacidad operativa de militares chilenos. Participaron 57 militares chilenos (26,9 ± 4,8 años), con especialización operativa en infantería. La composición corporal fue evaluada con bioimpedancia octopolar estimando masa libre de grasa, tejido muscular y tejido adiposo, entre otras variables. También se realizaron las siguientes pruebas de condición física: 5000 m planos, dominadas, abdominales y flexibilidad, así como cuatro pruebas específicas de actividades operativas militares específicas (situación de combate simulado). Los resultados mostraron un porcentaje de tejido muscular de 45,4 ± 2,9 % (IC95%: 44,6 - 46,2), mientras que el porcentaje de tejido adiposo fue de 20,3 ± 4,9 % (IC95%: 14,7 - 17,3). Se encontraron correlaciones negativas de pequeña magnitud entre el tiempo de carrera (5000 m) y el tejido muscular (%) (r = -0,275) y positiva con el tejido adiposo (%) (r = 0,294). Sin embargo, se observaron correlaciones de alta magnitud entre dominadas y tejido muscular (%) (r = 0,517) y tejido adiposo (%) (r = -0,558). El tejido adiposo se relacionó negativamente con la capacidad aeróbica, fuerza de brazos(??) y fuerza resistencia abdominal, mientras que el tejido muscular se relacionó positivamente con estas mismas variables. No se apreciaron correlaciones entre la composición corporal y la capacidad operativa militar (p<0,05). Se concluye que la composición corporal y la condición física no se relacionan con la capacidad operativa militar en situación de combate en especialistas en infantería, pero si la composición corporal se relaciona con la fuerza y la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria.

SUMMARY: Body composition encompasses a series of variables that are health-related and influence physical condition. Nevertheless, there is little evidence on its effects on the operational capacity of the military. The objective of this study was to relate the body composition, the physical condition and the operational capacity of the Chilean military. Fifty-seven Chilean soldiers (26.9 ± 4.8 years) participated, with operational specialization in infantry. Body composition was evaluated with octopolar bioimpedance, estimating fat- free mass, muscle tissue, and adipose tissue, among other variables. The following physical condition tests were also carried out: 5000 m flat, pull-ups, abdominals and flexibility, as well as four specific tests of specific military operational activities (simulated combat situation). The results showed a percentage of muscle tissue of 45.4 ± 2.9 % (95%CI: 44.6 - 46.2), while the percentage of adipose tissue was 20.3 ± 4.9 % (95%CI). : 14.7-17.3). Negative correlations of small magnitude were found between race time (5000 m) and muscle tissue (%) (r = -0.275) and positive with adipose tissue (%) (r = 0.294). However, high magnitude correlations were observed between pull-ups and muscle tissue (%) (r = 0.517) and adipose tissue (%) (r = -0.558). Adipose tissue was negatively related to aerobic capacity, arm strength, and abdominal endurance strength, while muscle tissue was positively related to these same variables. No correlations were found between body composition and military operational capacity (p<0.05). It is concluded that body composition and physical condition are not related to military operational capacity in combat situations in infantry specialists, but body composition is related to strength and cardiorespiratory capacity.

Reference Values and Sensitivity for Different Body Fat Variables Measured by Bioimpedance Method in Female Athletes in Individual Sports: Discriminative and Comparative Study / Valores de Referencia y Sensibilidad para Diferentes Variables de Grasa Corporal Medidas por el Método de Bioimpedancia Eléctrica en Deportistas Femeninas en Deportes Individuales: Estudio Discriminativo y Comparativo

SUMMARY: Athletes differ among themselves and one of the main differences is observed in relation to body shape and composition. Achieving top sports performance requires more standardization in the processes of training and development of a unique methodology for individualizing the control specific adaptation of athletes. The aim of this study is to establish reference data for the most sensitive variables to define the amount and structure of body fat in female athletes in individual sports. The sample included 895 females, divided in: a control group (Cont) of young females (N = 688); International (N = 113), and National level female athletes (N = 94) in 13 individual sports. Four variables described the structureof of body fat: Percentage of body fat (PBF), Body Fat Mass Index (BFMI), Protein Fat Index (PFI) and Index of Body Composition (IBC). Results showed that considering the control group, female athletes have all examined Body Fat variables statistically significantly different (BFMI and PBF are lower, p = 0.011 and p = 0.000, while PFI and IBC are higher, p = 0.000, respectively). Female athletes are also statistically significantly different in relation to the level of competition (p = 0.000), and the investigated variables are responsible for 17.7 % of the variability of the difference between the groups. Competitively more successful female athletes have higher IBC (lower percentage of fat per overall body volume, p = 0.013), as well as, a statistically significantly higher protein mass in relation to body fat mass (PFI, p = 0.018). The most sensitive variables for defining body fat differences between the examined individual sports were IBC, with an influence of 37.9 %, then PFI (32.4 %), then PBF (22.8 %), and finally BFMI, with an influence of 11.4 % on the differences. Based on the results of this study, IBC and PFI are variables that have shown useful scientific-methodological potential for research in the future.

Los deportistas difieren entre sí y una de las principales diferencias se observa en relación a la forma y composición corporal. Alcanzar el máximo rendimiento deportivo requiere una mayor estandarización en los procesos de entrenamiento y en el desarrollo de una metodología única para individualizar el control de adaptación específico de los atletas. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer datos de referencia de las variables más sensibles para definir la cantidad y estructura de la grasa corporal en mujeres deportistas en deportes individuales. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 895 mujeres, divididas en: un grupo control (Cont) de mujeres jóvenes (N = 688); Atletas femeninas de nivel internacional (N = 113) y nacional (N = 94) en 13 deportes individuales. Cuatro variables describieron la estructura de la grasa corporal: Porcentaje de grasa corporal (PBF), Índice de Masa Grasa Corporal (BFMI), Índice de Proteína Grasa (PFI) e Índice de Composición Corporal (IBC). Los resultados mostraron que, considerando el grupo control, todas las atletas tuvieron diferecias estadísticamente significativas respecto a las variables de grasa corporal (BFMI y PBF son más bajos, p = 0,011 y p = 0,000, mientras que PFI e IBC son más altos, p = 0,000, respectivamente). En relación al nivel de competencia, las atletas femeninas presentan diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p = 0,000), y las variables investigadas son responsables por el 17,7 % de la variabilidad de la diferencia entre los grupos. Las atletas femeninas competitivamente más exitosas tienen un IBC más alto (menor porcentaje de grasa por volumen corporal total, p = 0,013), así como una masa proteica estadísticamente más alta en relación con la masa de grasa corporal (PFI, p = 0,018). Las variables más sensibles para definir las diferencias de grasa corporal entre los deportes individuales examinados fueron IBC, con una influencia del 37,9 %, luego PFI (32,4 %), a seguir PBF (22,8 %) y finalmente BFMI, con una influencia del 11,4 % en las diferencias. En base a los resultados de este estudio, IBC y PFI son las variables que han mostrado un potencial científico-metodológico útil para la investigación en el futuro.

Study on the consistency between thoracic electrical bioimpedance and pulse index continuous cardiac output in hemodynamic monitoring of elderly patients with septic shock / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective:The hemodynamic parameters of elderly patients with septic shock were measured simultaneously with pulse index continuous cardiac output(PiCCO)and thoracic electrical bioimpedance(TEB)to evaluate the accuracy of TEB and to provide empirical evidence for its clinical use.Methods:A total of 24 elderly patients with septic shock admitted to the intensive care unit of our hospital between July 2021 and December 2021 were retrospectively recruited.TEB and PiCCO hemodynamic monitoring were performed continuously in all patients, and hemodynamic data were collected for statistical analysis.Results:Cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume, stroke index and systemic vascular resistance measured by the two methods had no significant difference( P>0.05). The 95% confidence intervals in the Bland-Altman plots for cardiac output, CI, stroke volume, stroke index, and systemic vascular resistance were(-1.18, 1.25), (-0.65, 0.71), (-24.23, 37.00), (-12.93, 19.26)and(397.11, 425.83). In the Bland-Altman plots for cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance, 4.17% of the points(1/24)fell outside of the 95% confidence interval, and in the Bland-Altman plots for stroke index, 8.33% of the points(2/24)fell outside of the 95% confidence interval. Conclusions:TEB and PiCCO have good consistency in evaluating the hemodynamics of elderly patients with septic shock.Therefore, TEB can be recommended for community hospitals and used in elderly patients.

Exceso de grasa visceral asociado a severidad de COVID-19, cuantificado por bioimpedancia / Excess visceral fat associated with severity of COVID-19 quantified by bioimpedance

Hay dos tipos principales de tejido adiposo; el subcutáneo, que es menos activo metabólicamente, y el tejido adiposo visceral, que secreta constantemente citocinas inflamatorias y está relacionado a enfermedades metabólicas y cardiovasculares. Nuestro objetivo fue identificar la asociación entre el exceso de grasa visceral y la severidad de enfermedad en pacientes con COVID-19. Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico que incluyó a pacientes con COVID-19 admitidos al Hospital Carrión de Huancayo, Perú. Se utilizó la balanza de bioimpedancia para cuantificar la composición corporal, la variable dependiente fue la severidad de enfermedad. Se utilizó el análisis de regresión logística para determinar la asociación de la grasa visceral y otros parámetros antropométricos con severidad de enfermedad. Se analizaron a 120 personas con COVID-19, la edad promedio fue 50 años, el sexo masculino fue 60%. De acuerdo a los valores de la composición corporal emitidos por el equipo de bioimpedancia: La grasa visceral > 15Kg (OR 7,31; p = 0,001); la grasa corporal total > 35% (OR 5,58; p = 0,009) y el exceso de peso > 20Kg (OR 6,96; p = 0,011) fueron los parámetros asociados a enfermedad severa por COVID-19. La relación positiva entre el perímetro abdominal y la cantidad de grasa visceral fue significativo (p = 0,01). En la composición corporal, el exceso de grasa visceral es el mayor parámetro asociado a enfermedad severa por COVID-19(AU)

There are two main types of adipose tissue; the subcutaneous, which is less metabolically active, and the visceral adipose tissue, which constantly secretes inflammatory cytokines and is related to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Our objetive was to identify the association between the excess of visceral fat and disease severity in COVID-19 patients. An analytical observational study was carried out which included patients with COVID-19 admitted to the Carrión Hospital in Huancayo, Peru. The bioimpedance balance was used to quantify the body composition; the dependent variable was the severity of the disease. A logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association of visceral fat and other anthropometric parameters with the severity of the disease. Out of 120 people with COVID-19 were analyzed, the average age was 50 years, the male sex was 60%. According to the body composition values issued by the bioimpedance team: Visceral fat> 15Kg (OR 7.31; p = 0.001); Total body fat> 35% (OR 5.58; p = 0.009) and excess weight> 20Kg (OR 6.96; p = 0.011) were the parameters associated with severe disease due to COVID-19. The positive relationship between abdominal circumference and the amount of visceral fat was significant (p = 0.01). In body composition, excess visceral fat is the main parameter associated with severe COVID-19 disease(AU)

Diagnostic performance of brain Natriuretic Peptide, Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis, and Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Diameter in the Determination of Fluid Overload and Mortality In Pediatric Sepsis

Objective@#This pilot study investigated whether serum B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) can be used to predict fluid overload and clinical outcomes in pediatric sepsis. @*Methods@#Pediatric sepsis patients were enrolled. BNP, BIA, and LVEDD were obtained on admission and on Day 3. Diagnostic performances of BNP, BIA, LVEDD and correlation with fluid status were obtained.@*Results@#Twenty-two patients were enrolled. Day 3 BNP was higher in non-survivors (9241 vs. 682.2 pg/mL, p=0.04) and day 3 LVEDD Z-score was lower in non-survivors (-3.51 vs. -0.01, p=0.023). There was no difference in the fluid balance between survivors and non-survivors. Admission BNP >670.34pg/mL predicted vasopressor use with a sensitivity of 85.71% and specificity of 86.67% while ΔBNP>5388.13pg/mL predicted mortality with 100% sensitivity. Day 3 LVEDD <22mm predicted mortality with a sensitivity of 94.74%. Cumulative fluid balance was strongly correlated with BIA and LVEDD (r=0.65, p=0.001; r=0.74, p<0.001 respectively). The median length of stay in hospital days for non-survivors was not significantly different from survivors (4 [1-12] vs. 8 [6-12] days,p=0.21). @*Conclusion@#Rise in BNP levels appear to be independent of fluid status and is a good predictor of mortality, vasopressor, and mechanical ventilator use but not of length of hospital stay. LVEDD and BIA are good estimates of cumulative fluid balance but not as predictors of mortality, vasopressor, mechanical ventilator use, and length of hospital stay. Significance of the outcomes of the study was limited due to the small sample size.

Perfil de composición corporal en militares élite chilenos / Body composition profile of elite Chilean military

RESUMEN: La Bioimpedancia Eléctrica (BIA), al ser una técnica no invasiva pero de elevada precisión, se ha convertido en la actualidad en una herramienta valiosa para determinar la composición corporal en militares, facilitado el control de las distintas variables que se asocian a cada especialidad. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir el perfil de composición corporal en militares de elite al momento de finalizar un curso de especialización. Participaron 11 militares con un rango de edad entre 22 y 29 años. Se evalúo la composición corporal a través de BIA, inmediatamente después de finalizado un curso de especialización para militares de élite. Las evaluaciones en los militares sobre las variables de la composición corporal a través de BIA mostraron: peso corporal de 84,3 ± 4,52 kg, talla 1,78 ± 0,06 m, índice de masa corporal (IMC) 26,5 ± 1,09, tejido adiposo de 13,7 ± 3,65 %, tejido muscular 49,5 ± 2,34 %, masa libre de grasa 72,7 ± 5,23 kg y 53,2 ± 3,78 l de agua corporal total. Conclusiones: Los militares de elite presentaron elevados niveles de masa libre de grasa, tejido muscular y bajos niveles de tejido adiposo lo que favorece el desarrollo de las actividades militares especializadas y disminuye el riesgo de lesiones. Los datos aquí recogidos sirven como marco de referencia para futuros estudios.

SUMMARY: Electrical bioimpedance (BIA), being a non- invasive technique but with high precision, has become a valuable tool for determining body composition in the military, facilitating the control of the different variables associated with each specialty. The aim of the present study was to describe the body composition profile of elite military personnel at the end of a specialization course. Eleven military personnel between 22 and 29 years of age participated in the study. Body composition was assessed by BIA immediately after completion of a specialization course for elite military personnel. Assessments in the military on body composition variables through BIA showed: body weight of 84.3 ± 4.52 kg, height 1.78 ± 0.06 m, body mass index (BMI) 26.5 ± 1.09, adipose tissue of 13.7 ± 3.65 %, muscle tissue 49.5 ± 2.34 %, fat free mass 72.7 ± 5.23 kg and 53.2 ± 3.78 l of total body water. Conclusions: Elite military personnel presented high levels of fat free mass, muscle tissue and low levels of adipose tissue which favors the development of specialized military activities and decreases the risk of injury. The data collected here serve as a frame of reference for future studies.

Multidimensional prediction approach in the assessment of male volleyball players' optimal body composition: the case of two elite European teams / Enfoque de predicción multidimensional en la evaluación de la composición corporal óptima de los jugadores de voleibol masculino: el caso de dos equipos europeos de élite

SUMMARY: This research aimed to create a multidimensional equation for predicting an optimal body composition model for elite-level European male volleyball players. The subject sample consisted of 36 elite volleyball players: national team members from two European countries - Slovenia and Serbia - in the 2017 season. Measurement of body composition was carried out using electrical multichannel bioimpedance (BIA - InBody 720), in which 11 variables were used (body height as a longitudinal one, and the other 10 as a system of body composition indicators). Based on the results of descriptive statistics, we can state that elite European male volleyball players are tall, heavy, and with nutritional status at the level of 198.5?6.5 cm, 92.3?5.9 kg and 23.44?1.44 kg•m-2, respectively. The percentage of body fat in the whole sample was 7.91?3.03 %, and the skeletal muscle mass index averaged 12.49?0.80 kg•m-2. For the evaluation and prediction of an optimal body composition model of elite male volleyball players, a multidimensional score (BC_Score) was defined, based on a simple, but sport-specific and playing position-sensitive model equation based on three dominant body characteristics of elite volleyball players: BH, PBF, and SMMI. In this manner, coaches can have a tool for managing the body composition status of players according to position, in terms of a deterministic, fully controlled system.

RESUMEN: Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo crear una ecuación multidimensional para predecir un modelo de composición corporal óptimo para los jugadores de voleibol masculinos europeos de élite. La muestra consistió en 36 jugadores de voleibol de élite, miembros del equipo nacional de dos países, Eslovenia y Serbia, en la temporada 2017. La composición corporal se realizó mediante bioimpedancia eléctrica multicanal (BIA - InBody 720), en la que se utilizaron 11 variables (la altura corporal como longitudinal y las otras 10 como sistema de indicadores de composición corporal). Con base en los resultados de las estadísticas descriptivas, observamos que los jugadores de voleibol de élite europeos son altos, pesados y con un estado nutricional de 198,5 ? 6,5 cm, 92,3 ? 5,9 kg y 23,44 ? 1,44 kg•m-2, respectivamente. El porcentaje de grasa corporal en toda la muestra fue de 7,91 ? 3,03 % y el índice de masa del músculo esquelético promedió 12,49 ? 0,80 kg•m-2. Para la evaluación y predicción de un modelo de composición corporal óptimo de jugadores de voleibol masculino de élite, se definió una puntuación multidimensional (BC_Score), basada en una ecuación de modelo simple, pero específica del deporte y sensible a la posición de juego, basada en tres características corporales dominantes de la élite. Jugadores de voleibol: BH, PBF y SMMI. De esta manera, los entrenadores pueden disponer de una herramienta para gestionar el estado de la composición corporal de los jugadores según la posición, en términos de un sistema determinista y totalmente controlado.

Can skinfold thickness equations be substituted for bioimpedance analysis in children?

Abstract Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the agreement between the most used skinfold thickness equations with multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis in the prediction of body fat levels in children. Method: A cross-sectional study of healthy Brazilian community-dwelling individuals. The anthropometric assessment included height, body mass, arm circumference, and waist circumference. The percentage of body fat was obtained by measuring skinfold thickness equations and using bioimpedance analysis, and skinfold thickness was measured using a scientific skinfold caliper. Bland-Altman plot analysis was used to verify the agreement between the methods. Results: There were 439 children and adolescents evaluated, with a mean age of 11.6 ± 3.7 years. The mean body fat by bioimpedance analysis was 22.8% ± 10.4%, compared to 22.4% ± 8.8% by Slaughter (1), 20.4% ± 9.2% by Slaughter (2), 19.6% ± 4.4% by Goran, and 24.7% ± 10.0% by Huang equations. Bland-Altman plot analysis revealed limits of agreement greater than 8% between the bioimpedance analysis approach and equations, exceeding the clinically acceptable limit predefined a priori. None of the equations had good agreement with bioimpedance analysis. Conclusion: It was concluded that skinfold thickness and bioimpedance analysis should not be used interchangeably in children and adolescents.

Composición corporal y factores de riesgo metabólico en profesores de enseñanza básica de colegios de Chile / Body composition and metabolic risk factors in primary in primary school teachers in Chile

En el mundo la obesidad es considerada una pandemia que provoca grandes cambios metabólicos, responsables de las llamadas enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT), las cuales presentan un 60 % de mortalidad, según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (2016). En Chile el 75 % de la población adulta y el 50,9 % de la población estudiantil, muestran índices de masa corporal de sobrepeso y obesidad, con un nivel de sedentarismo general de 66,2 %. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron determinar los perfiles antropométricos, riesgo metabólico y niveles de actividad física en profesores de enseñanza básica en un colegio particular subvencionado de Arica-Chile. El total de los profesores, 12 varones y 29 mujeres, fueron evaluados según: peso, talla, perímetro de cintura, índice cintura-talla (ICT), índice de masa corporal (IMC), masa grasa (MG), masa grasa visceral (MGV) y masa muscular (MM). A todos ellos se les calculó el riesgo metabólico según protocolos de Ashwell & Gibson (2016) y el IMC según fórmula de Quetelet. Para determinar los porcentajes de MG, MM y MGV, se utilizó instrumento de bioimpedancia eléctrica, Omron HBF-514C. Posteriormente se les aplicó una encuesta sobre nivel de actividad física (IPAQ). Los datos fueron analizados en estadístico IBM SPSS para tendencia central, dispersión, conteos y porcentajes. Para correlación se usó test de Pearson (r>0,5). Los resultados muestran que un 68,3 % de los profesores presenta sobrepeso y obesidad. El IMC y porcentaje de MGV son significativamente más alto en varones que en mujeres (30,6 ±7,0 / 26,9±4,6 y 11,2±5,6 / 7,6±2,5 respectivamente). El riesgo metabólico general de la población en estudio fue de 58,5 % (75 % y 51,7 % varones y mujeres respectivamente). Se observa una alta correlación entre IMC-MGV (0,84), IMC-ICT (0,84) y MM-MG (0,85). Respecto al nivel de actividad física, solo el 19,5 % de los profesores muestra un nivel de actividad física alto. Se concluye que los profesores presentan valores antropométricos alterados que indican altos índices de riesgos metabólicos y con bajos niveles de actividad física. Independientemente, las mujeres presentan mejores índices morfométricos en todos los parámetros en estudio respecto a los profesores varones. Existe una alta correlación (r) entre el índice de masa corporal y los porcentajes de masa de grasa visceral y el índice de de cintura talla. Se sugiere enfocar las intervenciones educativas según sello de vida saludable, incentivando la actividad física y mejorar los hábitos alimenticios en los profesores.

Obesity is considered a global pandemic that causes major metabolic changes. It is responsible for the so-called noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs), which report a 60 % mortality rate (WHO, 2017). In Chile, 63 % of the population shows body mass indexes (BMI) of overweight and obesity, with a sedentary level of 86.7 %. The objectives of this work were to determine the anthropometric profiles, metabolic risk, and physical activity levels in primary school teachers, in a subsidized school in Arica, Chile. The teachers (n=41), 12 men, and 29 women were evaluated according to weight, height, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height index (WHI), BMI, Fat Mass (FM), Visceral Fat Mass (VFM) and Muscle Mass (MM). All of them were calculated for metabolic risk, according to Ashwell & Gibson protocols and BMI according to Quetelet's formula. To determine the percentages of FM, MM, and VFM, an electric bioimpedance instrument, Omron HBF-514C, was used. Subsequently, a survey of physical activity level (IPAQ) was applied. The data were analyzed in the IBM SPSS statistic for central tendency, dispersion, counts, and percentages. For correlation, Pearson's test (r> 0.5) was used. The results show that 68.3 % of teachers are overweight and obese. BMI and percentage of VFM are significantly higher in men than in women (30.6 ± 7.0 / 26.9 ± 4.6 and 11.2 ± 5.6 / 7.6 ± 2.5 respectively). The overall metabolic risk of the study population was 58.5 % (75 % and 51.7 % men and women, respectively). There is a high correlation between BMIVFM (0.84), BMI-WHI (0.84), MM-FM (0.85). Regarding the level of physical activity, only 19.5 % of teachers show a high level of physical activity. It is concluded that teachers have altered anthropometric values that indicate high rates of metabolic risks and low levels of physical activity. Regardless, women have better morphometric indexes in all parameters under study, compared to male teachers. There is a high correlation (r) between body mass index and percentages of visceral fat mass and waist height index. It is suggested to focus on educational interventions according to the healthy life seal, promoting physical activity, and improving eating habits in teachers.

Profile and reference values for body fat and skeletal muscle mass percent at females, aged from 18.0 to 69. 9, measured by multichannel segmental bioimpedance method: Serbian population study / Perfil y valores de referencia del porcentaje de grasa corporal y masa muscular en mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre 18, 0 y 69, 9 años, medido por el método de bioimpedancia segmentaria multicanal: estudio en población serbia

Profile and standards for the diagnostics of percent of body fat and muscles were defined on a sample of 1924 women from the Republic of Serbia, aged 18.0 to 69.9, where the body structure of subjects was measured by applying multichannel segmental bioimpedance. Total sample was divided into six age groups, for the purpose of the definition of standard with regards to age. When it comes to body fat percentage results have shown that the average value of the total sample was 28.51±9.26 %, and between the range of 23.81 and 39.94 % for age groups 18.0-19.9 yr and 60.0-69.9 yr, respectively. Regression analysis results have shown that the constant of body fat percentage increase by trend of 3.417 % per decade, and that 25.1 % of mutual variance trend was explained by the model, with prediction error of 4.55 %. With regards to the percentage of skeletal muscles in the body, the results have shown that the average value of the total sample was 39.30±5.25 %, and within the range of 42.25 to 32.58 % for age groups 18.0-19.9 yr and 60.0-69.9 yr, respectively. Regression analysis results have shown that the constant of the skeletal muscles decrease by tend of -2.016 % per decade and that the model explained 23.8 % of mutual variance trend with prediction error of 8.08 %.

El perfil y estándares para el diagnóstico del porcentaje de grasa corporal y masa muscular fueron definidos en una muestra de 1924 mujeres de la República de Serbia, con edades comprendidas entre 18,0 y 69,9 años, donde la composición corporal de los sujetos fue medida por bioimpedancia segmentaria multicanal. La muestra fue dividida en seis grupos, con el propósito de definir los estándares respecto a la edad. Respecto al porcentaje de grasa corporal los resultados han mostrado que el valor promedio de la muestra fue de 28,51±9,26 %, y entre los rangos de 23,81 y 39,94 para los grupos de edad de 18,0-19,9 años y 60,069,9 años, respectivamente. Los resultados del análisis de regresión mostraron que la constante del porcentaje de grasa corporal aumentó 3,417 % por década, y que un 25,1 % de la varianza fue explicada por el modelo, con un error de predicción de 4,55 %. Con respecto al porcentaje de masa muscular, los resultados han mostrado que el valor promedio de la muestra fue de 39,30±5,25 %, y entre los rangos de 42,24 y 32,58 para los grupos de edad de 18,0-19,9 años y 60,0-69,9 años, respectivamente. Los resultados del análisis de regresión han mostrado que la constante de masa muscular decreció -2,016 % por década y que el modelo explicó 23,8 % de la varianza con un error de predicción de 8,08 %.

New polypyrrole based bio-sensors for Bio-impedance measurement

Objective: The main task of this work consists in an obtaining polarizable, dry mode, of bio-impedance sensors for non-invasiveECG monitoring, that work without any skin preparation or gel use, in two constructive models, based on conductive organicpolymer polypyrrole and polypyrrole with Ag nanoparticles (NP), as sensitive materials. Methods: The polypyrrole wassynthetized by chemical oxidative polymerization using FeCl3 as oxidant agent. For sensors fabrication two technological variantshave been chosen, a first variant realized by photolithographic method consisting in a substrate of Printed Circuit Board (PCB)with interdigitated copper electrode with step of 0.25 mm and over a distance of 12 mm and two pads. The polypyrrole orpolypyrrole with Ag NP dissolved in ethyl alcohol was deposed on the substrate by dipping method. The second model consists ina polypyrrole powder pressed at a hydraulic press at 10 tones/cm2 of force where one site was deposed a layer of Ag ink forconduction. Results: The performance of bio-impedance sensors were accessed by impedance skin-sensor interface withfrequency in the range of 10 - 300 kHz measurements. The influences of technological fabrication as shape and geometry as wellas the sensitive materials that used, in terms of impedance were analyzed. Conclusions: The introduction of Ag NP in polypyrrole,led to a better behavior, in terms of conduction and impedance response. For all tested sensors, the impedance decreases with thefrequency with a good linearity.

Determinación del estado nutricional mediante el ángulo de fase en pacientes en hemodiálisis / Determination of nutritional status by phase angle in hemodialysis patients

Resumen Introducción: La bioimpedancia eléctrica multifrecuencia (BIE) evalúa con precisión la composición corporal. Objetivo: Investigar el estado nutricional y su relación con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) o el ángulo fase obtenido por BIE en pacientes con enfermedad renal terminal (ERT) en hemodiálisis. Método: En 99 pacientes en hemodiálisis (43.6 ± 17.2 años, 58.8 % varones) se evaluó IMC, BIE y puntuación de desnutrición (DMS, Dialysis Malnutrition Score). La independencia de las asociaciones del IMC y el ángulo fase con el DMS se determinó con regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados: El riesgo de desnutrición (DMS > 13) se incrementó gradualmente entre los sujetos con IMC y ángulo fase normales (44.4 %), IMC bajo (45.8 %), ángulo fase bajo (64.0 %) y en aquellos con ambos parámetros anormales (68.0 %). El ángulo fase fue la única variable asociada independientemente con el estado nutricional de los pacientes (coeficiente beta estandarizado −0.372, p < 0.001), lo que explicó 13.8 % de la variación en el DMS. Conclusiones: El ángulo fase se asocia inversa e independientemente con el riesgo de desnutrición en pacientes con ERT, lo que sugiere que la composición corporal evaluada por BIE pudiera ser mejor que el IMC en la valoración clínica de pacientes con esta enfermedad.

Abstract Introduction: Multi-frequency bio-impedance analysis (BIA) accurately evaluates body composition. Objective: To assess nutritional status and its relationship with body mass index (BMI) or with BIA-obtained phase angle in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis. Method: BMI, BIA and dialysis malnutrition score (DMS) were assessed in 99 patients on hemodialysis (43.6 ± 17.2 years of age, 58.8% males). Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to determine BMI and phase angle independent associations with DMS. Results: Malnutrition risk (DMS > 13) showed a gradual increase among patients with normal BMI and phase angle (44.4%), low BMI (45.8%), low phase angle (64.0%), and in those with both parameters at abnormal ranges (68.0%). The phase angle was the only variable that was independently associated with patient nutritional status (standardized coefficient beta −0.372, p < 0.001), accounting for 13.8% of DMS variation. Conclusion: Phase angle is inversely and independently associated with malnutrition risk in patients with ESRD, which suggests that BIA-assessed body composition might be better than BMI in the clinical assessment of patients with ESRD.

Characteristics and differences of body composition in Yi of Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan / 解剖学报

Objective To analyze the characteristics and the differences of body composition in Yi of Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan. Methods Stature, body mass and body composition of 1556 Yi(male 757 case, famale 799 case) adults from Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan were investigated based on Anthropometric Method and the standard of Tanita company. Results The body mass index and percent body fat of Yi nationality people from Sichuan were significantly higher than that of those from Yunnan and Guizhou. The overall muscle and limb muscles of Yi nationality people from Sichuan were more developed than that of those from Sichuan and Yunnan. Yi nationality people from Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou all had the characters that muscle mass in right limb was higher than that in left. Conclusion Yi nationality people from Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou have great difference in body composition because of the diet and labour intensity.

Study on simulation method of knee hydrops based on biologcal impedance / 生物医学工程学杂志

The injury of the knee joint is usually accompanied with the generation of hydrops. The volume of hydrops can be used as a reference to evaluate the extent of knee joint injuries. Based on the principle of bioimpedance detection, in this paper, a new method is proposed to detect knee joint hydrops. Firstly, a three-dimensional model of the knee joint was established according to the physiological and anatomical structure of the knee joint. Secondly, a knee impedance detection system was constructed based on the four-electrode theory, and the relationship between the knee impedance change and the volume of hydrops was calculated by linear regression. Finally, the model of rat knee joint hydrops was established, and the knee joint impedance was measured under different hydrops content to deduce the relationship between the fluid content and the knee joint impedance. The fluid volume in the joint was calculated by measuring the knee joint impedance, and the error rate was less than 10%. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper can establish the relationship between the impedance of the knee and the volume of fluid and realize the detection of the fluid volume.

Study on calculation method of internal and external fluid capacity of human cells based on bioimpedance spectroscopy / 生物医学工程学杂志

Bioelectrical impedance measurement technology is a non-invasive detection technology for extracting human physiological and pathological information. The analysis method of the relationship between bioimpedance and human physiological parameters is an important part of this technology. In order to calculate the internal and external liquid volume of human cells more accurately, based on the Moissl equation for calculating the internal and external fluid volume of human cells, a segmented human bioimpedance spectrum measurement model and an improved calculation method of intracellular and external fluid capacity were proposed. The measurement and calculation experiments of the intracellular and extracellular fluid volume before and after the human body's water intake were designed and compared with the Moissl calculation method. The results show that the improved calculation method can calculate the intracellular and extracellular fluid volumes more effectively, and the relative error is less than 5%, which may provide new ideas or more accurate methods for the analysis of human body components, facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Ecuaciones antropométricas para el cálculo de grasa corporal en adultos jóvenes / Anthropometric equations for calculating body fat in young adults

Dado que para la población Latinoamericana se cuenta con escasas ecuaciones antropométricas validadas para determinar porcentaje de masa grasa (% MG), se diseñaron ecuaciones antropométricas prácticas para calcular el % MG en adultos jóvenes. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas por técnicas validadas, y se calculó el % MG por densitometría (BodPod) y biompedancia. Se reclutaron 284 voluntarios (18-35 años), de uno y otro sexo. Las ecuaciones se diseñaron por regresión lineal múltiple por el método de todas las regresiones posibles y se validaron por su grado de bondad de ajuste (R2), error estándar de estimación (EEE) y por validación cruzada. En hombres: % MG por densitométría R2 = 0.78, EEE = 3.64 %, p < 0.001; % MG por bioimpedancia R2 = 0.76, EEE = 2.48 %, p < 0.001. En mujeres: % MG por densitométría R2 = 0.98, EEE = 4.02%, p < 0.001; % MG por bioimpedancia R2= 0.99, EEE = 2.37 %, p < 0.001. Las ecuaciones aquí diseñadas presentan sencillez, alta validez y confiabilidad, siendo útiles en la clínica y campo deportivo(AU)

Given that in Latin America we have few validated anthropometric equations to determine percentage of fat mass (% MG), practical anthropometric equations were designed to calculate the % MG in young adults. Anthropometric measurements were made by validated techniques, and % MG was calculated by densitometry (BodPod) and bioimpedance. We recruited 284 volunteers (18-35 years), men and women. The equations were designed by multiple linear regression by the method of all possible regressions, and validated by their degree of goodness of fit (R2), standard error of estimation (SES), and cross-validation. In men: % MG by densitometry R2 = 0.78, SES = 3.64%, p <0.001; % MG by bioimpedance R2 = 0.76, SES = 2.48%, p <0.001. In women: % MG by densitometry R2 = 0.98, SES = 4.02 %, p <0.001; % MG by bioimpedance R2 = 0.99, SES = 2.37 %, p <0.001. The equations here designed have simplicity, high validity, and reliability, being useful in the clinic and sports field(AU)

Clinical usefulness of bioimpedance analysis for assessing volume status in patients receiving maintenance dialysis

Chronic volume overload is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and high cardiovascular mortality in patients undergoing dialysis. Therefore, estimating body fluid status is important in these patients. However, most dry-weight assessments are still performed clinically, while attempts have been made to measure the volume status and dry weight of patients undergoing dialysis using bioimpedance analysis (BIA). BIA uses the electrical properties of the human body to alternate current flow and measures resistance values to estimate body water content and composition. BIA is divided into single-frequency BIA, multi-frequency BIA, and bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) according to the number of frequencies used, and into whole-body and segmental BIA according to whether or not the whole body is divided into segments. Extracellular water (ECW), intracellular water, and total body water (TBW) contents can be measured with BIA. Dry weight can be estimated by measuring the volume overload of the patient through the ECW/TBW and ECW-to-body weight ratios. Other estimation methods include the normovolemia/hypervolemia slope method, a resistance-reactance (RXc) graph, overhydration measurements using a body composition monitor, and calf BIS. In this review, we will examine the principles of BIA, introduce various volume status measurement methods, and identify the optimal method for patients undergoing dialysis.

Assessment of volume status in maintenance hemodialysis patients / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective: To assess volume status in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods: Body composition analysis was performed on 128 MHD patients from Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. The volume status was assessed based on body composition data and predialysis systolic blood pressure (preBPsys), edema grade, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). Patients were divided into hyperhydrated group (percentage of hydration status, HS%>15%) or normohydrated group (HS%≤15%). Body composition data were compared, including lean tissue index (LTI) and fat tissue index (FTI). The blood pressure, edema grade, serum calcium, serum phosphate, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), hemoglobin, albumin, pre-albumin, hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), serum sodium, and urea clearance Kt/V were compared between two groups. Results: Sixtynine patients were normohydrated and preBPsys reached target; 10 patients were overhydrated with higher preBPsys; 18 patients had overhydration but preBPsys was in target range. Compared to normohydraed group, patients in hyperhydrated group had more obvious edema, higher BNP level, significantly lower LTI, serum albumin and pre-albumin levels, while serum sodium was significantly higher (P<0.05). Conclusion: Volume status of hemodialysis patients can be objectively and accurately assessed by body composition analysis using bioimpedance technique with blood pressure, edema grade and biochemical parameters. Hyperhydrated patients may have higher serum sodium level, lower serum albumin, lower hemoglobin, and less lean tissue mass concomitantly. Sodium intake control, nutrition status improvement, and anemia correction may be useful to reduce hyperhydration.